Spain Then and Now Essay - 783 Words

The Mediterranean peoples were aware of Spain from very early times. Civilization in Spain actually dates back to the Stone Age. There were many people who inhabited Spain most notably the Basques. Later the Carthaginians settled on the east coast and in the Balearic Islands, where Greek colonies also sprang up. In the 3d century BC, the Carthaginians under Hamilcar Barca began to conquer most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearics and established Cartagena as capital. In the Punic war the Roman army defeats Hannibal and the Carthaginian Empire is inhibited. (It is actually said they ground the stones of Carthage). By the 1st century Roman rule was complete. But this was not an entirely terrible thing, Rome brought, as they did†¦show more content†¦At the time of the Inquisition, (a beautiful example of Medieval tolerance), all internal threats to Christian Spain were eliminated. But all events of the 15th century were not dire. Probably most important to we as Westerners was the discovery by Christopher Columbus, an Italian, with the Financing of Spain of the New World. This single event thrust Spain into its Golden Age. Charles the first succeeded Ferdinand Spain was still somewhat divided. Charles centralized these individual cities and united them as Spaniards. By the time of Charles son Phillip Spain was a untied monarchy. In fact Spain began to go on the offensive itself. This imperialist attitude led to a conflict with England and Elizabeth I, in 1588 that would greatly diminish the power of Spain for a century. In1618-48. Spain became involved in a conflict with France. In peace treaties France won, at the expense of Spain many treaties. The economy steadily was diminished. The Spanish Empire had sapped Spains strength rather than fostering it. The court and government had weakened in quarrel and corruption. The church once the adhesive of Spain was exhausted from the never-ending power struggle with the government. The worst defeat was suffered at the hands of the French under Napoleon Bonaparte, which ended with the loss of the throne and the humiliation of foreign occupation. In 1814Show MoreRelatedThe Religious Beliefs Of Spain1020 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 6 09 March 2016 Religion in Spain Muhammad Ali previously stated, â€Å"Rivers, ponds, lakes and streams - they all have different names, but they all contain water. Just as religions do - they all contain truths.† (qtd. Brainyquote.com) From King Philip III secretly expelling all Muslims in Spain and Iberia, to the torturing of converts, and the harsh acts against Jews, Spain has indeed experienced many religions. Throughout the years, the religious beliefs of Spain have changed, whether they wereRead MoreCountry Report: Spain Essay980 Words   |  4 Pages Spain is a country which occupies most of the Iberian peninsula of Europe. Spain also governs several sets of islands, such as the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The Spanish culture, language, and people, occupy the majority of the land owned by Spain. Spain’s current population is approximately 47 million people. About 80% of the population is of Spanish heritage (Spain Population 2013). Spain is a Constitutional government, run by KingRead MoreSpanish Financial Crisis1063 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction (source: Wikipedia) The 2008–2010 Spanish financial crisis is part of the world economic crisis of 2008. In Spain, the crisis was generated by long term loans (commonly issued for 40 years), the building market crash which included the bankruptcy of major companies, and a particularly severe increase in unemployment, which rose to 13.9% in February 2009. Spain continued the path of economic growth when the ruling party changed in 2004, keeping robust GDP growth during the first termRead MoreAre Internal or External Factors to Blame for the Sovereign Debt Crisis in Spain? What Are Policy Implications of Your Analysis?1551 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the sovereign debt crisis in Spain? What are policy implications of your analysis? From market interest rates to lend it money, the Spanish government has risen to 10 years, far higher than the 6% - far below the level of 7% -8%, prompting Greece, Ireland and Portugal cap hand Brussels bailout. In comparison, the German government paid 1.42% interest rate- which, incidentally, is the lowest borrowing costs in Berlin has ever had. The market say they fear Spain may end up like Greece, and unableRead MoreSpain and New World Essay725 Words   |  3 PagesIn 1490 there was no such country as spain, yet within a century it had become the most powerful nation in europe and within another century had sunk to the status of a third rate power. Describe and analyze the major social economic and political reasons for spains rise and fall. Throughout history, as we study Spain we can clearly recognize high and low points in their success. In the fifteen hundreds Spain had no influence on European affairs, Spain essentially vanished out of Europe. HoweverRead MoreIntro and historical context Spain is in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula and is1100 Words   |  5 Pages Intro and historical context Spain is in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula and is currently ruled by Mariano Rajoy since December 21st, 2011. Spain is a sovereign state and a member state of the European Union. Spain is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union. Spain is Famous for their Bullfights festival of tomatoes and so much more. Each one of these things resembles a certain part of Spanish culture. Bullfights in Spain first started in 711-1492 A.D. SpanishRead MoreThe Economy Of Spain And Spain1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe economy of Spain has taken a downturn in 2011 since the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Unlike the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, where Spain was a global empire, modern Spain is facing a very stagnant economy. Spain’s â€Å"unemployment rate reached a record of 27 percent† in 2011. This shows that more than 1 in 5 Spaniards is struggling to feed their family. Luckily, things had gotten better. The October 2015 unemployment re port shows that the number of those who are not working is downRead MoreThe Origin Of Spains Current Economic Crisis1181 Words   |  5 Pages On the Origin of Spain’s current Economic Crisis The economy of Spain has taken a downturn in 2011 since the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Unlike the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, where Spain was a global empire, modern Spain is facing a very stagnant economy. Spain’s â€Å"unemployment rate reached a record of 27 percent† in 2011. This shows that more than 1 in 5 Spaniards is struggling to feed their family. Luckily, things had gotten better. The October 2015Read MoreDiversity in Spain1147 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract In this paper I focus on the different types of ethnic groups and diversity in Spain. I will explain the difficulties of each group and how each of them suffer. The participation rates, earnings, and employment differences among the group are also mentioned. Diversity in Spain Spain has a population of 39.5 million and is ethnically heterogeneous. While the overwhelming majority of the residents of Spain identify themselves as Spaniards, there are also number of distinct regionals and linguisticRead MoreSpain : Unique And Different From Other European Countries1681 Words   |  7 PagesSpain – Unique in Every Way Spain - what makes this unique country so special and so different from other European countries? Is it the people, the fascinating history, the beautiful, intrinsic structures, or the old world feel of the countryside and landscape that has not changed much over history? The answer to this last question can be answered simply as – YES. The Spaniards have embraced their history, heritage and roots and continue to teach the younger generations about this great land

The Mental Health Act ( Mha ) - 1301 Words

Katy was receiving treatment for her psychological disorder under the mental health act (MHA) 1992, which was acknowledged as being a voluntary patient. According to The Ministry of Health (MOH) 2012, voluntary patient means that Katy decided to have treatment for her mental illness, however, she has the right to suspend that treatment and she also has the right to leave at any time while being treated in the hospital. Therefore, the (MHA) 1992 covers the circumstances under which people may be subjected to compulsory mental health assessment and treatment. Mental health disorder is defined as an abnormal state of mind characterised by disorders (MOH, 2012). It is normally identified based on the presenting symptoms the patient is experiencing rather than the clinical analysis (MOH, 2012). The success of treatments for depression is associated to (MHA). It also outlines the circumstances in which people can be treated for a mental health disorder without their permission and their ri ghts and it also respects for different cultural values and beliefs as a significant part of compulsory assessment and treatment (Medical Council of New Zealand, 2013). According to the Citizens Advice Bureau (2015), it has been identified that as an individual goes through the assessment and treatment under the (MHA) and are privileged with 12 patient rights. Katy was placed under section 9, where she received the information on patient rights. Which was than given to the duly authorised officerShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The Mental Health Act754 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mental Health Act R.S.O. (1990) is a comprehensive piece of provincial legislation which regulates mental health care in Ontario. Although it can be assumed that the legislation applies to all mental health services and supports (Schizophrenic Society of Ontario, 2013), the laws described in the Mental Health Act (â€Å"MHA†) apply only to psychiatric units in hospitals, and specialized psychiatric facili ties within the province (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health [CAMH], 2012), and to the patientsRead MoreMedicaid Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe South Carolina Title XIX State Plan, also known as Medicaid, was designed to maintain the provision of â€Å"quality health care to low income, disabled, and elderly individuals† (South Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, 2016). The South Carolina Department of Health and Human Services (SCDHHS) acts as the designee for this administration, managing the state and federal reimbursement of funds for approved medical providers. Services are designed to provide services for diagnosis,Read MoreProfessional, Legal and Ethical Issues in Person-Centred Care1357 Words   |  6 Pagesto as Sarah to uphold confidentiality. During a shift at the hospital the student attended a manager’s ward review. The student listened as approved mental health professionals (AMHP) discussed the wellbeing of patients who were being cared for in the hospital. AMHP’s are mental health professionals who have specialist training in mental health assessment and legislation (Barcham, C (2008) The first patient to be reviewed was Sarah, a thirty two year old female who suffered from schizophrenia.Read MoreExamining The Concepts Of Neuroscience And Psychopathology Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment One: Written Assessment Depression is a psychological condition where a person continues to feel miserable most of the time or nearly every day (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2015). As stated by the WHO (2015), mental disorders comprise of an overabundance of problems, with different symptoms. However, the symptoms are normally considered as a mixture of feelings, having difficulties with bonding with people, uncharacteristic interpretations, and actions (WHO, 2015). For example, asRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagesinto two categories: positive symptoms and negative symptoms (Mental Health America [MHA], n.d.). The positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized and deluded speech, and an exhibition of inappropriate laughter, tears, and aggressiveness (MHA, n.d.). The negative symptoms include having a toneless voice, expressionless face, having rigid bodies or catatonia, and extreme apathy (MHA, n.d.). Their decline in health would be evid ent when the patient’s symptoms start to prevent themRead MoreThe Right Of The Client Under Mha ( Cat ) Essay1786 Words   |  8 Pagesis a chronic mental disorder that leads disorganized thoughts, unusual behavior, abnormal speech and altered emotion. It is one of the most misunderstanding mental disorders in the society; and the prevalence of it is approximately 1% with its onset trend occurred among adolescent to young adulthood. Due to the circumstance of mental illness in the society, New Zealand government legislated The Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment Treatment) Act in 1992 (MHA(CAT), 1992). This Act reforms and consolidatesRead MoreLegal Position of a Formal and Informal Patient Admitted to a Mental Health Facility2125 Words   |  9 Pagessuffering from mental disorder. About 90% of those admitted to psychiatric facilities in England and Wales are admitted ‘informally’[1]. The grounds for this are found in section 131 (1) of the Mental health Act 1983 – nothing in the act shall be construed as ‘preventing a patient who requires treatment for mental disorder from being admitted to any hospital’ – regardless of whether the ‘correct’ procedure has been followed (i.e. recommendations from ASW). The definition of ‘mental disorder is laidRead MoreExamining The Concepts Of Neuroscience And Psychopathology1863 Words   |  8 PagesDepression is a mental state where an individual endures to feel unhappy most of the time or nearly every day (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2015). As stated by the WHO (2015), mental disorders consist of an overabundance of problems, with different symptoms. However, the symptoms are normally considered as a mixture of feelings, having difficulties with bonding with people, uncharacteristic interpretations, and actions (WHO, 2015). For example, as specified in Katy’s scenario, some of her presentingRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Serious Mental Disorder?1578 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that affects the way an individual thinks, feels, and acts (MHA, 2017). Diagnosed individuals have trouble deciphering what is real or what their mind is making up. This is caused by hallucinations and delusions with sight and auditory. Individuals full heartedly believe the hallucinations are real and it may be hard for loved ones to watch. Social situations are difficult for patients diagnosed because social norms are harder to express. ItRead MoreThe Role and the Relationship Between Professionals and Lay Persons in the Process of Civil Admissions Under the Mental Health Act 19832059 Words   |  9 PagesProfessionals and Lay Persons in the Process of Civil Admissions Under the Mental Health Act 1983 The process of civil admissions under the Mental Health Act (MHA) 1983 may be viewed by civil libertarians as a violation of the individual’s freedom. The state’s justification for such a ‘violation’ is for the need to protect the individual concerned or to protect others in society. The Mental Health Act 1983 does not explicitly require that an individual would have to be ‘dangerous’

Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis Free Essays

IPSASB Exposure Draft (ED) 47 March 2012 Comments due: July 31, 2012 Proposed International Public Sector Accounting Standard Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) sets International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) for use by public sector entities, including national, regional, and local governments, and related governmental agencies. A key part of the IPSASB’s strategy is to converge the IPSASs, to the extent appropriate, with the IFRSs issued by the IASB. The objective of the IPSASB is to serve the public interest by setting high-quality public sector accounting standards and by facilitating the adoption and implementation of these, thereby enhancing the quality and consistency of practice throughout the world and strengthening transparency and accountability of public sector finances. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now ——————– The structures and processes that support the operations of the IPSASB are facilitated by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). The mission of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) is to serve the public interest by: contributing to the development, adoption and implementation of high-quality international standards and guidance; contributing to the development of strong professional accountancy organizations and accounting firms, and to high-quality practices by professional accountants; promoting the value of professional accountants worldwide; speaking out on public interest issues where the accountancy profession’s expertise is most relevant. International Public Sector Accounting Standards, Exposure Drafts, Consultation Papers, and other IPSASB publications are published by, and copyright of, IFAC. The IPSASB and IFAC do not accept responsibility for loss caused to any person who acts or refrains from acting in reliance on the material in this publication, whether such loss is caused by negligence or otherwise. The IPSASB logo, ‘International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board’, ‘IPSASB’, ‘International Public Sector Accounting Standards’ ‘IPSAS’, the IFAC logo, ‘International Federation of Accountants’, and ‘IFAC’ are trademarks and service marks of IFAC. Copyright  © March 2012 by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of this work to achieve maximum exposure and feedback provided that each copy bears the following credit line: â€Å"Copyright  © March 2012 by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). All rights reserved. Used with permission of IFAC. Permission is granted to make copies of this work to achieve maximum exposure and feedback. † Published by: REQUEST FOR COMMENTS This Exposure Draft 47, Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis, was developed and approved by the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB). The proposals in this Exposure Draft may be modified in light of comments received before being issued in final form. Comments are requested by July 31, 2012. Respondents are asked to submit their comments electronically through the IPSASB website, using the â€Å"Submit a Comment† link. Please submit comments in both a PDF and Word file. Also, please note that first-time users must register to use this feature. All comments will be considered a matter of public record and will ultimately be posted on the website. Although IPSASB prefers that comments are submitted via its website, comments can also be sent to Stephenie Fox, IPSASB Technical Director at stepheniefox@ipsasb. org. This publication may be downloaded free of charge from the IPSASB website: www. ipsasb. org. The approved text is published in the English language. Objective of the Exposure Draft The objective of this Exposure Draft (ED) is to propose an authoritative Standard for the preparation of financial statement discussion and analysis by public sector entities. Guide for Respondents The IPSASB would welcome comments on all of the matters discussed in this Exposure Draft. Comments are most helpful if they indicate the specific paragraph or group of paragraphs to which they relate, contain a clear rationale and, where applicable, provide a suggestion for alternative wording. The Specific Matter for Comments requested for the Exposure Draft are provided below. Specific Matter for Comment 1: Do you agree that the material presented in this Exposure Draft should be developed as an IPSAS, with the same level of authority as the accrual based IPSASs, which applies to all entities that prepare financial statements in accordance with IPSASs? Specific Matter for Comment 2: Do you agree that IPSAS 1 should be amended to clearly indicate that financial statement discussion and analysis is not a component of the financial statements? Specific Matter for Comment 3: Is the scope of financial statement discussion and analysis clearly defined so as to distinguish it from other issues being addressed by the IPSASB (e. g. , financial statements, service performance reporting, reporting on the long-term sustainability of public finances)? Specific Matter for Comment 4: Is the required content for financial statement discussion and analysis appropriate? 3 Specific Matter for Comment 5: Do you agree with the transitional provisions? Specific Matter for Comment 6: Is the Implementation Guidance useful to understanding the requirements of the proposed IPSAS? Specific Matter for Comment 7: Is the Illustrative Example a useful way of illustrating the requirements of the proposed IPSAS? 4 IPSAS XX (ED 47)—FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS CONTENTS Paragraph Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Scope †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Requirement for Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Definition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Qualitative Characteristics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Structure and Content of Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Identification and Responsibility †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Compliance with this IPSAS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Minimum Required Content †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Overview of the entity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Information about the entity’s objectives and strategies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Analysis of the entity’s financial statements †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Risks and uncertainties †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Transition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Effective Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Appendix A: Amendments to Other IPSASs Basis for Conclusions Alternative View Implementation Guidance Illustrative Example 1 2? 5 6–7 8 9 10? 32 11†“12 13–14 15? 32 18 19–20 21–26 7–32 33–34 35–36 5 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS International Public Sector Accounting Standard XX (ED 47), Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis is set out in paragraphs 1–36. All the paragraphs have equal authority. IPSAS XX (ED 47) should be read in the context of its objective, the Basis for Conclusions, and the Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards. IPSAS 3, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance. FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Objective 1. The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the manner in which financial statement discussion and analysis should be prepared and presented. To achieve this objective, this Standard sets out overall considerations for the guidance for its structure, minimum requirements for the content and presentation to allow entities to prepare financial statement discussion and analysis for their specific circumstances to assist users to understand the financial statements. Scope 2. An entity that prepares and presents general purpose financial statements (â€Å"financial statements†) in accordance with IPSAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, shall prepare and present financial statement discussion and analysis. Financial statement discussion and analysis shall be prepared for the same reporting entity that prepares and presents financial statements under the accrual basis of accounting. This Standard applies only to financial statement discussion and analysis. It does not apply to other information included in public documents issued in conjunction with the financial statements. This Standard applies to all public sector entities other than Government Business Enterprises. The Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards issued by the IPSASB explains that Government Business Enterprises (GBEs) apply IFRSs issued by the IASB. GBEs are defined in IPSAS 1. 3. 4. 5. Requirement for Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis 6. 7. An entity shall issue the financial statement discussion and analysis when it issues financial statements. IPSAS 1 requires financial statements to be prepared at least annually. Some entities may prepare condensed interim financial information. This Standard requires an entity to issue financial discussion and analysis in conjunction with the entity’s annual financial statements. Definition 8. The following term is used in this Standard with the meaning specified: Financial statement discussion and analysis is an explanation of the significant items, transactions, and events presented in an entity’s financial statements and the trends and factors that influenced them. Terms defined in other IPSASs are used in this Standard with the same meaning as in those Standards, and are reproduced in the Glossary of Defined Terms published separately. Qualitative Characteristics 9. Financial statement discussion and analysis shall include information that possesses the qualitative characteristics of general purpose financial reports identified in Appendix A of IPSAS 1. 7 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Structure and Content of Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis 10. Financial statement discussion and analysis shall be consistent with the financial statements, and based on currently-known facts and supportable assumptions. Identification of Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis 11. 12. Financial statement discussion and analysis shall be identified clearly, and distinguished from the financial statements. Separate identification of financial statement discussion and analysis enables users to distinguish: (a) (b) Financial statements prepared and presented under the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with IPSASs; and Other information presented in an annual report or other document that may be useful to users but is not the subject of requirements in IPSASs. Compliance with this IPSAS 13. An entity whose financial statement discussion and analysis complies with this IPSAS shall make an explicit and unreserved statement of such compliance. Financial statement discussion and analysis shall not be described as complying with this IPSAS unless it complies with all the requirements of this IPSAS. In some jurisdictions, preparation and presentation of financial statement discussion and analysis is required by legislative, regulatory, or other externally-imposed regulations. Entities are encouraged to disclose information about compliance with those requirements. 14. Minimum Required Content 15. To the extent it does not replicate information in the financial statements, financial statement discussion and analysis shall include, at a minimum: (a) (b) (c) (d) 16. An overview of the entity; Information about the entity’s objectives and strategies; An analysis of the entity’s financial statements, including variances and trends; and Information about the entity’s risks and uncertainties, including its risk management strategy. Financial statement discussion and analysis provides useful information to users for accountability and decision-making purposes. However, some matters may be required to be included in the financial statements by relevant IPSASs that may also be required to be included in financial statement discussion and analysis in accordance with this Standard. In those cases, financial statement discussion and analysis should not merely repeat what is in the financial statements, but it should complement and supplement the financial statement explanations by providing insights and perspectives thereon. Although the specific information contained in an entity’s financial statement discussion and analysis will vary depending on the facts and circumstances specific to the entity, certain essential elements are important to all financial statement discussion and analysis, as discussed below. 17. 8 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Overview of the Entity 18. An overview of the entity helps users to understand the entity and how the environment in which it operates affect an entity’s financial statements. This information is the starting point in assisting users’ understanding of an entity’s financial statements. Information provided about an entity’s operations in financial statement discussion and analysis may include current information, and changes from the prior year, about: (a) (b) (c) (d) The entity’s mission and vision; The entity’s governance (e. g. , legislative or regulatory structure, management structure); The entity’s relationships with other entities (e. g. , funding arrangements); External trends, events and developments in the legal, regulatory, social, political, and macro-economic environment specific to the entity, which have or may have a material impact on the entity’s financial position and financial performance (e. . , the impact of a regional or international financial crisis on employment, the tax base, or interest rates in the jurisdiction); and The entity’s main operations, including service delivery methods (e. g. , outsourcing, service concession arrangements) and significant changes in them. (e) Information about the Ent ity’s Objectives and Strategies 19. Financial statement discussion and analysis should discuss the entity’s objectives and strategies in a way that enables users of the financial statements to understand the entity’s priorities and to identify the resources that must be managed to achieve its objectives. Financial statement discussion and analysis should also explain how the achievement of the entity’s financial objectives (e. g. , debt reduction strategy) will be measured. Financial statement discussion and analysis should discuss significant changes in an entity’s objectives and strategies from the previous period or periods. 20. Analysis of the Entity’s Financial Statements 21. Financial statement discussion and analysis should describe the significant events and activities that have affected the financial statements, without simply reiterating the information presented in those financial statements. A brief discussion of the purpose of, and information provided by, each component of the financial statements set out in IPSAS1, and their interrelationships should also be provided. In addition, there should be a discussion of significant commitments, contingencies, and events occurring after the reporting date. If financial performance measures that are not required or defined by IPSASs are included within financial statement discussion and analysis, those measures should be defined and explained, including an explanation of the relevance of the measure to users. When financial performance measures are derived or drawn from the financial statements, those measures should be reconciled to measures presented in the financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with IPSASs. In addition, narrative explanations of such illustrations should be provided if necessary to accurately and completely present the information. Comparative information should be included in financial statement discussion and analysis when it is relevant to an understanding of the current period’s financial statements. 9 22. 23. FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 4. Financial statements can have a predictive or prospective role. This Standard does not require the entity to disclose forward-looking information, such as forecasts or projections. However, financial statement discussion and analysis should explain significant changes and trends in an entity’s financial position and financial performance. An analysis of trends includes those fina ncial statement items that are important and significant to gaining a better understanding of an entity’s financial position and performance and changes in financial position and performance over a period of time. Identification of the main events, trends, and factors influencing the current reporting period may provide information about the entity’s intended actions in relation to such events, trends, and factors because the party responsible for the preparation of the entity’s financial statement discussion and analysis possesses informed expectations regarding the entity’s future operations based on its detailed knowledge of the entity’s current operations. To the extent such information is not included in the financial statements, financial statement discussion and analysis should include information about significant positive and negative variances between: (a) (b) Actual results and the budget; and The prior year and current year financial statements, by explaining significant changes and highlighting trends. 25. 26. Risks and Uncertainties 27. Information about the entity’s risks and uncertainties helps users to evaluate the impact of risks in the current period (e. . , contingent liabilities disclosed in the financial statements) as well as expected outcomes. Information provided may include its main exposures to risk and changes in those risks, its opportunities, along with its policies and strategies for mitigating the risks and capitalizing on opportunities. It may also include the entity’s evaluation of the effectiveness of its risk management strategies. It is noted, however, that these need to be fact-based and take into account currently-known conditions. In addition, underlying assumptions need to be disclosed. Information about the entity’s risks and uncertainties may include a discussion of such matters as a summary of the entity’s investment policy and other means of managing its risks, insurance coverage, and other controls intended to safeguard the entity’s assets. It may also include the relevant legislation, regulation or body that sets the risk management policies for the entity (e. g. , when risks are managed at a government-wide level). A discussion of how the entity’s manages its risks helps users obtain a complete picture of the entity’s exposure to risks that directly affect financial statement items and disclosures, which allows them to evaluate the entity’s financial position and financial performance. Such disclosure may include the entity’s decision to â€Å"self-insure†, or to mitigate risk by transferring or sharing it, or through insurance. Additional information may be provided about uncertainties such as environmental issues, and significant events after the reporting date (see IPSAS 14, Events After the Reporting Date), which may affect the entity’s future operations (e. g. debt issuance, guarantees issued in relation to a financial crisis, or entering into a new service concession arrangement). Information may also be provided about the entity’s opportunities; however in reporting such information, care must be taken to ensure it is fact-based, and neutral. This means that the assumptions made are based on conditions that exist at the reporting date and events that occurred in the current period. 10 28. 29. 30. FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 31. A discussion of the risks the entity faces also provides relevant information to users about exposure or vulnerability to concentrations of risks such as significant loans to particular regions or industries, or dependence on a particular source of revenue. Risks and uncertainties may have a pervasive effect on the financial statements, therefore information pertaining to risks and uncertainties may be reported separately, or in relevant sections throughout the financial statement discussion and analysis. 2. Transition 33. 34. All provisions of this Standard shall be applied from the date of first adoption of this Standard. An entity that has applied the transitional provision in IPSAS 1 to present only current period information in the financial statements to which accrual accounting is first adopted in accordance with IPSASs is permitted to omit the comparative information described in paragraph 23 from its financial statement discussion and analysis for that period. Effective Date 35. An entity shall apply this Standard to financial statement discussion and analysis that relates to annual financial statements covering periods beginning on or after MM DD, YYYY. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies this Standard for a period beginning before MM DD, YYYY, it shall disclose that fact and apply IPSAS 1 and IPSAS 24, Presentation of Budget Information in Financial Statements at the same time. When an entity dopts the accrual basis of accounting as defined by IPSASs for financial reporting purposes subsequent to this effective date, this Standard applies to the entity’s financial statement discussion and analysis covering periods beginning on or after the date of adoption. 36. 11 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Appendix A Amendments to Other IPSASs IPSAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements A new paragraph is inserted after paragraph 21 as follows: Components of Financial Statements 21. A complete set of financial statements comprises: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) A statement of financial position; A statement of financial performance; A statement of changes in net assets/equity; A cash flow statement; When the entity makes publicly available its approved budget, a comparison of budget and actual amounts either as a separate additional financial statement or as a budget column in the financial statements; and Notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes. (f) 21A. Financial statement discussion and analysis is not a component of the financial statements. IPSAS XX (ED 47), Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis requires financial statement discussion and analysis to be presented in conjunction with its financial statements. A new paragraph is inserted after paragraph 24 as follows: 24. Public sector entities are typically subject to budgetary limits in the form of appropriations or budget authorizations (or equivalent), which may be given effect through authorizing legislation. General purpose financial reporting by public sector entities may provide information on whether resources were obtained and used in accordance with the legally adopted budget. Entities that make publicly available their approved budget(s) are required to comply with the requirements of IPSAS 24, Presentation of Budget Information in Financial Statements. For other entities, where the financial statements and the budget are on the same basis of accounting, this Standard encourages the inclusion in the financial statements of a comparison with the budgeted amounts for the reporting period. Reporting against budget(s) for these entities may be presented in various different ways, including: ? The use of a columnar format for the financial statements, with separate columns for budgeted amounts and actual amounts. A column showing any variances from the budget or appropriation may also be presented for completeness; and Disclosure that the budgeted amounts have not been exceeded. If any budgeted amounts or appropriations have been exceeded, or expenses incurred without appropriation or other form of authority, then details may be disclosed by way of footnote to the relevant item in the financial statements. ? 12 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 4A. When an entity elects, under IPSAS 24, to explain, in financial statement discussion and analysis rather than by way of note disclosure, material differences between the budgeted and actual amounts identified in paragraph 24, it applies the guidance in IPSAS XX (ED 47). Paragraphs 27 and 28 are amended as follows: Overall Considerations Fair Presentation and Compliance with IPSASs 27. Financial statements shall present fairly the financial position, financial performance, and cash flows of an entity. Fair presentation of the financial statements requires the aithful representation of the effects of transactions, other events, and conditions in accordance with the definitions and recognition criteria for assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses set out in IPSASs applicable to the financial statements. The application of these IPSASs, with additional disclosures when necessary, is presumed to result in financial statements that achieve a fair presentation. An entity whose financial statements comply with IPSASs applicable to the financial statements shall make an explicit and unreserved statement of such compliance in the notes. Financial statements shall not be described as complying with IPSASs unless they comply with all the requirements of those IPSASs. 28. Paragraph 62 is amended as follows: Identification of the Financial Statements †¦ 62. IPSASs apply to financial statements and financial statement discussion and analysis, and not to other information presented in an annual report or other document. Therefore, it is important that users can distinguish information that is prepared using IPSASs from other information that may be useful to users but is not the subject of those requirements. A new paragraph is inserted after paragraph 153D as follows: Effective Date 153E. Paragraphs 21A and 24A were inserted and paragraphs 27, 28 and 62 were amended by IPSAS XX (ED 47) issued in Month 201X. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual financial statements covering periods beginning on or after Month DD, 201X. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies the amendments for a period beginning before Month DD, 201X, it shall disclose that fact and at the same time apply IPSAS XX (ED 47) and the amendments to paragraphs 14, 19 and 54A of IPSAS 24. 3 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS IPSAS 24 Presentation of Budget Information in Financial Statements Paragraph 14 is amended as follows: Presentation of a Comparison of Budget and Actual Amounts 14. Subject to the requirements of paragraph 21, an entity shall present a comparison of the budget amounts for which it is held publicly accountable and actual amounts, either as a separate additional financial statement or as additional budget columns in the financial statements currently presented in accordance with IPSASs. The comparison of budget and actual amounts shall present separately for each level of legislative oversight: (a) (b) (c) The original and final budget amounts; The actual amounts on a comparable basis; and By way of note disclosure, an explanation of material differences between the budget for which the entity is held publicly accountable and actual amounts, unless such explanation is included in either the financial statement discussion and analysis or other public documents issued in conjunction with the financial statements, and a cross reference to those documents is made in the notes. Paragraph 19 is amended as follows: 19. Management IPSAS XX (ED 47), Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis requires presentation of a financial statement discussion and analysis, operations review, or other public reports that provides commentary on the performance and achievements of the entity during the reporting period,. It can include including explanations of any material differences from budget amounts,. Alternatively, this explanation could be included in other public documents are often issued in conjunction with the financial statements. In accordance with paragraph 14(c) of this Standard, explanation of material differences between actual and budget amounts will be included in notes to the financial statements, unless (a) included in the financial statement discussion and analysis or other public reports or documents issued in conjunction with the financial statements, and (b) the notes to the financial statements identify the reports or documents in which the explanation can be found. When an entity presents the actual-to-budget comparison in financial statement discussion and analysis, it applies the guidance in IPSAS XX (ED 47). A new paragraph is inserted after paragraph 54 as follows: Effective Date 54A. Paragraphs 14 and 19 were amended by IPSAS XX (ED 47) issued in Month 201X. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual financial statements covering periods beginning on or after Month DD, 201X. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies the amendments for a period beginning before Month DD, 201X, it shall disclose that fact and at the same time apply IPSAS XX (ED 47) and the amendments to paragraphs 21A, 24A, 27, 28, 62 and 153E of IPSAS 1. 14 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Basis for Conclusions This Basis for Conclusions accompanies, but is not part of, IPSAS XX (ED 47). Scope and Authority BC1. The IPSASB approved a project in March 2008 to address â€Å"narrative reporting†. In developing this Standard, the IPSASB clarified that the scope of the project is to address only those reports that provide discussion and analysis specifically pertaining to an entity’s general purpose financial statements (â€Å"financial statements†) as set out in IPSAS 1, and not broader types of reports that may be considered general purpose financial reports as envisaged in the IPSASB’s Conceptual Framework. BC2. In undertaking this project, the IPSASB considered, under its Criteria for Modifying IASB Documents, whether to develop guidance that was converged with Management Commentary, an IFRS Practice Statement. The IPSASB did not consider this approach to be appropriate because: (a) The users identified in the Practice Statement are investors. IPSAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, identifies different users, which results in different information needs related to the financial statements. Additionally, in the private sector there may be a strong influence from the securities exchanges and their regulators which help ensure and reinforce the information needs of the investors. In the public sector there may not be a comparable regulator, which participates in the process of standardizing financial statement discussion and analysis for a jurisdiction, and therefore reliance on the private sector guidance may result in loss of accountability in the public sector. (b) BC3. Financial statement discussion and analysis is intended to address similar matters to reports that may be termed â€Å"management discussion and analysis† and â€Å"management commentary† in various jurisdictions. However, the IPSASB did not consider those terms to accurately describe the nature of the report in relation to the financial statements. The IPSASB decided it was important to link financial statement discussion and analysis to the financial statements because the financial statement discussion and analysis is intended to explain the financial statements, and not to stand alone. The IPSASB considers the term â€Å"financial statement discussion and analysis† clearly defines the scope of applicability of this Standard and its close linkage to the financial statements. BC4. The IPSASB considered whether public sector entities that prepare and present financial statements in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS): (a) (b) Should be required to prepare financial statement discussion and analysis; and If so, whether financial statement discussion and analysis should be included as an integral part of the general purpose financial statements. BC5. The IPSASB considers that financial statement discussion and analysis provides additional information necessary to meet the objectives of financial statements. The IPSASB concluded that all entities that prepare and present their financial statements in accordance with IPSASs should be required to prepare financial statement discussion and analysis in accordance with this IPSAS, which has the same level of authority as accrual based IPSASs. 15 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS BC6. The IPSASB decided it was important to develop a standard that provided principles for financial statement discussion and analysis, while allowing reporting on specific information most relevant to an entity. Accordingly, this Standard has been developed from a principlesbased perspective that can be applied to all public sector entities. In addition, entities are encouraged to prepare financial statement discussion and analysis that meets their specific circumstances. The IPSASB considered whether a requirement to issue financial statement discussion and analysis when an entity issues financial statements prepared in accordance with IPSASs would be an impediment to the adoption of IPSASs. The IPSASB considered that the users of financial statements in such jurisdictions may even have a greater need for the benefit of financial statement discussion and analysis to help explain the financial statements. The IPSASB considers that in all cases, the benefits of providing financial statement discussion and analysis would outweigh the costs of preparing it, as the information is used in the preparation of the financial statements, and tailored to the specific circumstances of the entity. The IPSASB therefore concluded that financial statement discussion and analysis should be prepared by all entities that prepare their financial statements in accordance with IPSASs. IPSAS 1 defines the scope of the financial statements. The IPSASB does not consider financial statement discussion and analysis to be part of the financial statements prepared in accordance with IPSASs despite its close link to the financial statements. The IPSASB did not, therefore, amend IPSAS 1 to include financial statement discussion and analysis as an integral part of the financial statements. Nevertheless, the IPSASB has clarified the close link between the financial statements and financial statement discussion and analysis. BC7. BC8. BC9. BC10. The IPSASB noted the concern that, if this Standard were an IPSAS, it could still be considered part of the financial statements and there could be confusion as to whether it would be subject to the same audit requirements as the financial statements. This could cause difficulties in some jurisdictions if the inclusion of financial statement discussion and analysis resulted in a qualified audit report on the financial statements. While the audit of financial statement discussion and analysis is desirable, the IPSASB considers that imposing an audit requirement on such information exceeds its mandate. However, it is noted that an audit of financial statements would not automatically require audited financial statement discussion and analysis. The term â€Å"financial statements† ordinarily refers to a complete set of financial statements as determined by the requirements of the applicable financial reporting framework. The financial reporting framework for public sector entities is described in IPSAS 1, and does not include financial statement discussion and analysis. BC11. To date, IPSASs have addressed only matters that pertain to the content of the financial statements themselves. The IPSASB considered whether it would be appropriate to allow for a new type of pronouncement that had equivalent authoritative status to the IPSASs. The IPSASB is of the view that introducing a new type of pronouncement would be confusing to its constituents. Accordingly, the IPSASB has decided that an International Public Sector Accounting Standard (IPSAS) is the appropriate type of pronouncement to apply to the financial statement discussion and analysis. 6 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Qualitative Characteristics BC12. The IPSASB also concluded that the information in financial statement discussion and analysis should possess the qualitative characteristics and constraints in IPSAS 1. Accordingly, IPSAS XX (ED 47) contains requirements that financial statement discussion and analysis contain information that is consistent with those qualitative characteri stics. Structure and Content of Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis BC13. Paragraph 21 of IPSAS 1 states that a complete set of financial statements comprises: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) A statement of financial position; A statement of financial performance; A statement of changes in net assets/equity; A cash flow statement; When the entity makes publicly available its approved budget, a comparison of budget and actual amounts either as a separate additional financial statement or as a budget column in the financial statements; and Notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes. The IPSASB noted that in some of the minimum required content in paragraph 15 of IPSAS XX (ED 47) may also be required under other IPSASs for financial statements. IPSAS XX (ED 47) therefore requires financial statement discussion and analysis include significant items, transactions, and events that are presented in an entity’s financial statements to the extent it does not replicate information in the financial statements. BC14. The IPSASB noted that the content and format of presentation of financial statement discussion and analysis should be determined by the entity, in a way that best reflects its circumstances, noting that the specific information contained in an entity’s financial statement discussion and analysis will vary depending on the facts and circumstances specific to the entity. The IPSASB wishes to avoid a checklist approach that may result in an entity reporting less relevant information. Accordingly, some flexibility is provided in the content and format. However, the Standard contains certain essential required content that is important to all financial statement discussion and analysis. BC15. In determining the matters that should be required in financial statement discussion and analysis, the IPSASB reviewed and compared existing national standards, guidance, and regulatory requirements for financial statement discussion and analysis (or its equivalent) in the public sector. The existing approaches, identified in conducting the research, were used to help form the basis for the required content of financial statement discussion and analysis. BC16. In some cases an IPSAS permits certain information to be included in separate reports (e. g. , financial statement discussion and analysis) rather than in the financial statements. The IPSASB did not consider it necessary to duplicate the financial statement disclosure in the financial statement discussion and analysis and has accordingly provided guidance to that effect. (f) 17 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Forward-Looking Information BC17. This Standard does not require the entity to disclose forward-looking information, such as forecasts or projections. However, the IPSASB noted that information in financial statements also has predictive ability about the entity’s operations, and that financial statement discussion and analysis could enhance that ability. For example, information about an entity’s risk management policies, and trend analyses of significant financial statement items, may assist users in assessing the extent to which resources will be available to support future service delivery objectives and the amounts and timing of future cash flows necessary to service and repay existing claims to the entity’s resources. The IPSASB has thus provided guidance on how such information could be included in financial statement discussion and analysis. Transitional Provisions BC18. The IPSASB determined that a transitional provision was required to address the case when an entity has used the exemption under IPSAS 1 to not include comparative information in respect of the financial statements to which accrual accounting is first adopted in accordance with IPSASs. This Standard states that comparative information should be included in financial statement discussion and analysis when it is relevant to an understanding of the current period’s financial statements. However, where an entity has applied the transitional provision in IPSAS 1 it is unlikely to have comparative information and thus it would not be possible to provide such comparative information. 18 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Alternative View of Mr. Thomas Muller-Marques Berger AV1. This member is of the view that ED 47 should require entities to disclose forward-looking information, such as forecasts or projections. As outlined in the IPSASB’s Conceptual Framework Exposure Draft 1, the objectives of financial reporting by public sector entities are to provide information about the entity that is useful to users of GPFRs for accountability purposes and for decision-making purposes. AV2. In the view of this member, the decision not to require entities to disclose forward-looking information does not completely fulfill user needs as the objective of decision-making is not sufficiently addressed. 19 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Implementation Guidance This guidance accompanies, but is not part of, IPSAS XX (ED 47). IG1. The purpose of this Implementation Guidance is to illustrate certain aspects of the requirements of IPSAS XX (ED 47). IG2. This Implementation Guidance is divided into three sections as follows: (a) (b) (c) Section A: Qualitative Characteristics of General Purpose Financial Reports— Applicability to Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis; Section B: Examples of Information about the Entity’s Financial Statements; and Section C: Examples of Information about Variances and Trends. Section A: Qualitative Characteristics of General Purpose Financial Reports— Applicability to Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis A. IG1. Financial statement discussion and analysis is intended to explain the significant items, transactions, and events presented in an entity’s financial statements and the trends and factors that influenced the financial statements to assist users to understand the financial statements. It should, therefore, possess the same qualitative characteristics as for financial statements described in IPSAS 1, namely: (a) (b) (c) (d) Understandability; Relevance; Reliability; and Comparability. A. IG2. Financial statement discussion and analysis should aim to achieve a balance between the qualitative characteristics to meet the objectives of providing the information. In some cases, depending on the circumstances of the entity, the relative importance of a particular qualitative characteristic may be greater than in others. A. IG3. Application of the qualitative characteristics to financial statement discussion and analysis is set out in paragraphs A. IG. 4? A. IG. 20. Understandability A. IG4. Information provided in financial statement discussion and analysis should be clear and concise to explain and interpret the complex transactions, events, and conditions presented in the financial statements in a readable and simple manner. Financial statement discussion and analysis is understandable when it uses descriptions that are not overly technical, does not provide excessive detail, and clearly describes those transactions, events, and conditions. Relevance A. IG5. The matters that are relevant to an entity are also specific to that entity. Financial statement discussion and analysis reflects detailed knowledge of the items, transactions, and events, presented in the entity’s financial statements and of the policies that govern the entity’s 20 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS operations. This means that financial statement discussion and analysis may not include some matters that are material to the components of the financial statements set out in IPSAS 1, or it may include some matters that are not material to the financial statements. A. IG6. Financial statement discussion and analysis needs to be clear and concise to be useful, therefore the most important, or material, matters must be selected to be included, descriptions should be non-technical, and an appropriate but not excessive level of detail should be provided. Inclusion of information about immaterial items could make the more important information difficult to find. A. IG7. Generic or â€Å"boilerplate† information that does not relate to the specific operations, practices and circumstances of the entity is unlikely to be relevant and should not be included in financial statement discussion and analysis. When practicable, duplication of the disclosures made in the notes to its financial statements should be avoided. Financial statement discussion and analysis that recites financial statement information without analysis or explanations, or presents discussions that do not provide insight into the entity’s past performance is unlikely to provide information that is relevant to users of the financial statements, and may create an obstacle for users to identify and understand the most significant matters the entity faces. For example, commentary on the economy that relates specifically to the entity’s financial statements and expected impacts on the entity would be relevant information for users. A. IG8. When dealing with qualitative or forward-looking information (e. g. , expectations about financial results in the future), it is not generally possible to specify a uniform quantitative threshold above which a particular type of information becomes material. A. IG9. Financial statement discussion and analysis provides additional perspectives and insights about the financial statements, which increases the relevance of the information. Reliability A. IG10. Information presented in financial statement discussion and analysis should be: (a) (b) (c) (d) Based on, and consistent with, the underlying financial statements; Neutral in discussing both positive and negative facts and views; Based on currently-known facts, decisions, or conditions; and Based on verifiable and supportable assumptions. A. IG11. It is important that information presented in the financial statement discussion and analysis is supported by information in the financial statements, and does not go beyond or contradict the information presented in the financial statements. A. IG12. Information that excludes certain facts (e. . , negative) is incomplete and thus could be not neutral. In cases when financial statement discussion and analysis presents ratios, tables, or charts, they should not distort the information in the financial statements by, for example, using a scale that exaggerates a positive or negative trend. A. IG13. Financial statement discussion and analysis should contain information specific to the entity and related to that reporting period. While the information provided in financial statement discussion and analysis may reflect information outside of the financial statements (e. g. , 21 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS conomic indicators such as changes in the tax base or the employment base), that information should be related to the reporting period and should be from a reliable source. A. IG14. The underlying assumptions and methodologies (including formulae) used to determine ratios and to prepare tables and charts included in financial statement discussion and analysis should be disclosed (e. g. , those used in analyses of trends and variances). In addition, the methodologies adopted in compiling the information, and the factors and circumstances that support the discussion and analyses, need to be transparent. Disclosure of this information permits users to assess the reliability of the information provided. A. IG15. Assumptions should be mutually compatible. Assumptions are mutually compatible when they reflect economic relationships in the jurisdiction (e. g. , interest rates, employment rates, GDP). For example, all assumptions that depend on the tax base for a given future period would assume the same tax base level in that period. A. IG16. Financial statement discussion and analysis should clearly describe the basis for how the information is reported, including the unit of measurement. For example, in cases when financial statement discussion and analysis presents ratios, tables, or charts, they should not distort the information in the financial statements by, for example, using a scale that exaggerates a positive or negative trend. Thus, when financial statement discussion and analysis contains charts or graphs showing trends, disclosure of the unit of measurement is necessary to ensure such information can be properly interpreted. When such information is presented, the scale of such illustrations should be on a basis that faithfully represents the relationships of the items being analyzed. A. IG17. In some cases it may not be possible to verify the accuracy of all qualitative and quantitative explanations of such information until a future period, if at all. For example, if the entity’s strategy and risk management are described in financial statement discussion and analysis, such information would be less verifiable than, for example, a ratio calculated from information provided in the financial statements. Comparability A. IG18. Information in financial statement discussion and analysis should be comparable. Comparability pplies to information related to different entities and to the entity over periods of time. A. IG19. Comparability is enhanced when financial statement discussion and analysis is presented on a basis consistent with that in prior years and when the same principles and practices are used for each period for such items as determining ratios and preparation of tables and charts included in financial statement discussion and analysis. In addition , disclosure of those principles and practices, including underlying assumptions and formulae, is useful in interpreting the analyses. Changes to the principles and practices used to prepare financial statement discussion and analysis from one period to the next should be disclosed. A. IG20. Enhancing the inter-period comparability of information assists users in making and evaluating decisions, especially by allowing the assessment of trends in financial information for predictive purposes. In some circumstances, it is impracticable to reclassify comparative information for a particular prior period to achieve comparability with the current period. For example, data may not have been collected in the prior period(s) in a way that allows reclassification, and it may not be practicable to recreate the information. 22 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Section B: Examples of Information about the Entity’s Financial Statements This Implementation Guidance includes guidance on how an entity may prepare and present financial statement discussion and analysis that includes information about all significant items, transactions, and events presented in the financial statements that are most relevant to enhancing users’ understanding of the financial statements. Financial Position B. IG1. Information about the financial position will help users to identify the resources of the entity that can be used to provide particular services in future periods and claims to those resources at the reporting date. This will provide information useful as input to assessments of such matters as: ? ? ? The extent to which the entity has discharged its responsibilities for safekeeping and managing its resources; The extent to which resources are available to support future service delivery objectives; and The amounts and timing of future cash flows necessary to service and repay existing claims to the entity’s resources. Financial Assets B. IG2. Financial statement discussion and analysis may include the following information pertaining to an entity’s financial assets: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Changes in financial assets to illustrate volatility in the sources of funds; Provisions for loan losses; The rates of return on investment; Composition of investments; A government’s investment in GBEs as a percentage of the total financial assets; Taxes receivable to total tax revenues; and Restricted and designated assets set aside for specific purposes. Property, Plant, and Equipment B. IG3. Financial statement discussion and analysis may include the following information pertaining to an entity’s property, plant, and equipment: (a) An analysis of required maintenance, including future expenditure requirements for maintenance and replacement, to allow users to make informed decisions regarding the ability of the capital assets to sustain and provide services in the future; An analysis of the change in the net book value of property, plant, and equipment by major class and an explanation of what the net book value and changes in it mean (e. g. a description of why the net book value has increased or decreased is useful in understanding asset replacement and usage); (b) 23 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (c) (d) The average age and average useful life for each category of property, plant, and equipment; and An assessment of the assets’ physical condition carried out by a technical expert in such assessments. B. IG4. Asset management systems m ay contain information about an asset’s physical condition, but the absence of an asset management system does not necessarily preclude reporting on the physical condition. B. IG5. Asset condition assessment methodologies and frequency of assessments can be different for major classes of property, plant, and equipment. For example, they could be different for bridges when compared to buildings. B. IG6. It may not be possible to complete a physical examination of all items of property, plant, and equipment. However, the physical condition could be estimated based on a combination of factors including, for example, age, construction materials and methods, breaks per kilometer, geological, and soil conditions. B. IG7. Financial statement discussion and analysis may provide the average age and either the average remaining useful life or estimated average useful life of property, plant, and equipment in each major class. Information about the average age and the useful life allows users to assess the timing of rehabilitation and replacement expenditures. B. IG8. Financial statement discussion and analysis may contain a description and the quantity of the major components of property, plant, and equipment in each major class of asset. Providing this information gives users an understanding of the nature and extent of the stock of property, plant, and equipment. B. IG9. The quantity could be based on a unit of measurement that represents the common characteristics of the class of property, plant, and equipment being assessed or components thereof (e. g. , lanes or kilometers for roads, kilometers of pipes for sewer for water systems, or the number of water treatment plants). This summary level unit of measure provides users with a reference that is useful in assessing the magnitude of the classes and components of items of property, plant, and equipment. B. IG10. The information required to promote a better understanding of an entity’s property, plant, and equipment explains information in the financial statements. Reporting on the physical condition of property, plant, and equipment assists users when assessing: (a) (b) (c) (d) The effects on service potential of past resource allocation and funding decisions; The trends in the physical condition; The adequacy of existing maintenance, replacement and renewal funding; and The extent of current and future revenues needed to maintain, renew, and replace property, plant, and equipment. Other Assets B. IG11. Financial statement discussion and analysis may include the following information pertaining to an entity’s other assets, to the extent they are material (e. g. , inventories of supplies—see IPSAS 12, Inventories, and prepaid expenses): 24 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (a) (b) Liabilities The nature, extent and purpose of inventories of supplies (e. g. , maintenance materials, strategic stockpiles, and land/property held for resale); and The nature, extent, purpose, and timing of any prepaid items such as insurance. B. IG12. Financial statement discussion and analysis may include the following information pertaining to an entity’s liabilities: (a) (b) A breakdown of the entity’s debt by domestic issues versus foreign issues. A description of the entity’s debt management policies and strategies, and the general terms and conditions associated with the debt, including whether the entity has complied with any debt covenants. An analysis of the entity’s total debt. Specific ratios or indicators may also be useful to highlight the magnitude of the entity’s debt and the changes in it over time. For example, an analysis of the total debt outstanding at year end to the total liabilities of the entity may be provided. The impact of the debt servicing cost, expressed as public debt charges to revenues, may also be included. An assessment of any unfunded retirement and other employment or post employment benefit liabilities. This may include a discussion related to the timing of when the unfunded liability needs to be provided for. An analysis of revenues that are not earned at the end of the period including the terms and conditions (e. g. , commitments) associated with them. The entity is not entitled to these revenues until it performs specific actions as outlined in the terms and conditions of the related contract or agreement. For example, in the case of service concession arrangements in which the operator is compensated by the entity granting it the right to earn third-party revenues, there may be substantial liabilities of this type. The nature of financial liabilities under service concession arrangements. An analysis of any sinking funds available for the discharge of long-term liabilities. (c) (d) (e) (f) Net Assets/Equity B. IG13. An analysis of net assets/equity provides users with information relevant in assessing the entity’s overall financial position, and whether it has improved or deteriorated. Providing significant explanations and a trend analysis related to the net assets/equity provides users with an indication as to whether the entity’s liabilities are growing and allows them to make assessments about whether current levels of taxes or other charges are sufficient to maintain the volume and quality of services currently provided or to undertake any planned enhancements. For example, explanations and a trend analysis related to the assets/equity may indicate to users that while debt is growing, the entity is accumulating resources, such as property, plant, and equipment. Financial Performance B. IG14. Information about the financial performance will inform assessments of matters such as whether the entity has acquired resources economically, and used them efficiently and effectively to achieve its service delivery objectives. Information about the costs of service 25 FINANCIAL STATEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS delivery and the amounts and sources of cost recovery during the reporting period will enable users to determine whether operating costs were recovered from, for example, taxes, user charges, contributions and transfers or were financed by increasing the level of indebtedness of the entity. B. IG15. Any currently-known conditions that have significantly affected revenues or expenses in the current period, as well as those that may impact future evenues or expenses, should be disclosed to assist users in determining trends. Revenues B. IG16. Financial statement discussion and analysis may include the following information pertaining to an entity’s revenues: (a) (b) An overview of total revenues by major source to indicate trends and dependencies on specific sources. Ratios may also be provided to highlight the level of dependence the entity has on particular sources of revenues, for example: (i) (ii) (c) Public-to-public transfers to revenues generated by the entity (e. g. taxes, user fees, licences); and Revenues generated by the entity as a percentage of total revenues. The impact of the of government business How to cite Financial Statement Discussion and Analysis, Papers

Challenges Faced by the Uluruâ€Kata-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the key issues and challenges faced by the Management of the UluruKata Tjuta National Park in the field of operations, brand image and resources. Answer: Introduction This is an assignment, which discusses the key issues and challenges faced by the management of the UluruKata Tjuta National Park in the field of operations, brand image and resources. The other part of the assignment deals with key concept of sustainable development and management of relationships between the people, environment and the economics of the national park. Key challenges and Issues The key issues and challenges faced by the UluruKata Tjuta National Park in the field of operations, brand image and resources are discussed briefly. The responsibilities and the roles of the various management partners will have to be understood in depth (Pike, 2015). There has to consistency and clarity within the decision making process and the consultation. The key to the maintenance of the Tjukurpa is totally dependent on the proper consultant and engagement of the Nguraritja. The management challenges faced by the park are managing the park in accordance to Tjukupra, EPBC Act and the lease agreement (Environment.gov.au., 2017). An opportunity has risen which enables the people to learn about the various joint management procedures. The joint has to be facilitated and for that very purpose, the management activities will have executed in a way, which is not culturally offensive. The social complexities and sensitive will have to be understood for carrying out the day-to-day management of the UluruKata Tjuta National Park. According to the requirement of the lease there has to be effective connection with all the Aboriginals who are relevant so the link with the residents of Mutitjulu will not be sufficient (Kltringer Dickinger, 2015). The joint management has to be achieved by making the various aboriginal tribes work together and this is not a simple task. There will be amalgamation between the traditional law and the modern knowledge. The native and the outsiders will have to work together which is quite tough task because understanding each others culture is quite difficult. The UluruKata Tjuta National Park has always been monitored and run by the native people of the land, as it is a part of the widespread native cultural landscape. Thus, incorporating the new changes will faced by daily challenges, which will have to conquered in order to move forward (Hall et al., 2015). The traditional law is the basis of the joint management system and this t rules and regulations have been passed down for centuries. These rules are orthodox and provide a lot of restrictions for the visitors. The area is rich with resources and consists of various endangered species of flora and fauna. There are lots of places which are considered to be sacred by the native people and some of the sacred places are kept away from the visitors. They believe that the knowledge of their ancestors should not be passed on the wrong sets of the people. The visitors will have to be imparted knowledge about the cultural ways of the land but it is difficult to convince to follow their ideals. The sacred places and the relics of the native people are restricted from the visitors and those important places are fenced but the curiosity of the visitors could cause a problem. The restriction has also been posed on commercial filming and photography so creating a brand for the park is quite tough. Managing the relationship between economic, people and environment The tradition law (Tjukurpa) is the basis for the management for the park. The rule says the ancestors have passed the land on the native and it is their moral duty to their native land. The teachings and the values the natives have received is the main guidance system for protecting the land. The tradition law provides guidance for the appropriate behavior among then people of the land and it unites all the different aboriginal people of the land (Lee, 2013). The law has defined the day-to-day behavioral details, which include the relation between men and women, protocols that have to be followed and relationship between among the various relatives. The structured relationship of the aboriginals contains delicate social, religious and economic responsibilities and rights. The social organization formed is advantageous as it provides a support for the cooperative strategies for moving around in the land and utilization of the resources of the land. The employment arrangements are made in such a way that it is in accordance to the religious and social beliefs of the native people (nder, Wber Zekan, 2017). They are provided with flexibility in their work hours. The native people may have to go away for several weeks for religious festivities or other social obligations they have and so the park has been adapted in such a way so that the work schedule is not hampered and it does not affect the management responsibilities of the park. The park is often kept closed for the purpose of a ceremony and it is carried out in such a way it causes less problems for the visitors (Mathew Sreejesh, 2017). The management has provided instruction regarding the appropriate social behaviors, which can affect the work culture of the aboriginals. These behaviors include practices such as avoidance relationship where men and women who are related are not allowed to talk to each other. The elderly have more importance than the younger generation when the decision-making concerned (Fodness, 2016). This shows that in order to maintain the sustainability in the UluruKata Tjuta National Park the native follow a strict framework and they are orthodox. The practices show how there is discrimination between men and women and they have different areas of work. The earning of the native people is dependent on the tourism and the visitors who bring business to the park. The whole area of aboriginals is dependent on the tourism business where they perform different types of job to earn their daily livings. Conclusion This case study throws a light on the management practices and the traditions followed by the aboriginals in the region of UluruKata Tjuta National Park. The study shows how the practices are traditional and orthodox which has been passed down for generations. There are some of the practices, which are outdated, but the beliefs of those people are taken into account and the management structure is formed in accordance to that. References Environment.gov.au. (2017).Www.environment.gov.au. Retrieved 16 june 2017, from https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/f7d3c167-8bd1-470a-a502-ba222067e1ac/files/management-plan.pdf Fodness, D. (2016). The problematic nature of sustainable tourism: some implications for planners and managers.Current Issues in Tourism, 1-13. Hall, C. M., Gossling, S., Scott, D. (Eds.). (2015).The Routledge handbook of tourism and sustainability. Routledge. Kltringer, C., Dickinger, A. (2015). Analyzing destination branding and image from online sources: A web content mining approach.Journal of Business Research,68(9), 1836-1843. Lee, T. H. (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development.Tourism Management,34, 37-46. Mathew, P. V., Sreejesh, S. (2017). Impact of responsible tourism on destination sustainability and quality of life of community in tourism destinations.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,31, 83-89. nder, I., Wber, K., Zekan, B. (2017). Towards a sustainable urban tourism development in Europe: the role of benchmarking and tourism management information systemsA partial model of destination competitiveness.Tourism Economics,23(2), 243-259. Pike, S. (2015).Destination marketing. Routledge.

Cuba Essay Analysis Essay Example

Cuba Essay Analysis Essay Cuba, which tells of a short period of two young girls lives, is set in the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis, however the play itself was written in 1997. Barbara and Bernadette are best friends living in England, whose familys come from different classes. The play shows how they react to the situation at hand. The Cuban Missile Crisis started because of disagreements over Communism. America was against Communism and wanted to rid the world of it, but Cuba, supported by Russia, wanted to stop America doing this. When, on October 22nd, 1962, Kennedy informed America of nuclear bases being set up on Cuba, just 90 miles from the coast of Florida, everyone believed it was going to be the end of the world. Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba to prevent Russian ships taking additional missiles to Cuba. In response to this, Khrushchev ordered his Soviet field commanders to launch the missiles in Cuba if invaded by U. S forces. If either side pressed the button to launch their missiles on the other country, that country would do the same, causing the end of the world. Deadlocked in this manner, the two leaders of the worlds greatest nuclear superpowers stared each other down for seven days until Khrushchev blinked. Khrushchev ordered all Soviet supply ships away from Cuba and agreeing to remove missiles from Cubas mainland. After several days of teetering on the brink of nuclear holocaust, the world breathed a sigh of relief. We will write a custom essay sample on Cuba Essay Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cuba Essay Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cuba Essay Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The author of the play, Liz Lochhead, is more widely known for her poetry. Because of this style of writing, her play uses many dramatic, poetic affects, which catch the audiences attention. Lochhead brings the characters of the two girls, Barbara and Bernadette to life on stage through various ways, which are typical to teenage girls. Theyre alone, bored and browsing a pile of magazines. It is a mainly teenage girl thing to flick through magazines, make toreador pants, dye their hair and other such things. Rock Hudson finds home cooking great fun and has a gang of his friends over once in a while to try out his speciality. Barbeque Spare Ribs. Another of typical girl things that . The writer does this so it is made clear to the audience how these girls are. The two girls dont fully understand the situation that is going on around them The Cuban Missile Crisis. Bernadette Cu-ba Li-bre. Barbara Whats that?

Free Essays on Salem Witchcraft Trials

â€Å"There is more to be said then hath been for the clearing up of difficulties about the matter of witchcraft† (Sutler 23). The Salem witchcraft trials were one of the last outbreaks of witchcraft hysteria, certainly the largest in the new world, occurred from 1692-1693. 141 people were arrested as suspects and 20 were hung or pressed to death. This was a morbid fact about the founding of the first colonies and the beginning of America. But it happened and the damage was done, thus we cannot try to ignore it and we cannot try to glamorize the subject. We can only present facts and draw our own conclusions. One often states that if he or she was alive at the time then things would have been handled differently, but these are the ones that speak out of order and are the same ones that are oblivious to the facts and the harsh reality of the events that occurred. When a community looks only for evidence of guilt and ignores or suppresses all contradictory evidence, the results are a witch-hunt. And a witch-hunt was developing in Salem as the community felt itself so beset by evil that it was no longer capable of perceiving the good. Although numerous witch craft accusations had occurred in New England prior to 1692 several factors made this outbreak so profound; as Indian attacked the colonists feared for their life, there were deadly cold winters, and there was a small pox epidemic that had been circulating for over a decade. So many of the colonists were wary and growing superstitious about their god abandoning them. â€Å"In some ways Reverend Parris began the witch craft hysteria. Before becoming a minister Parris vacationed to Barbados and returned home with two slaves named John and Tituba Indian† (Guily 293). Tituba cared for Parris’s eleven and nine year old girls. When there was bad weather Tituba would enthrall the girls with tales of voodoo from her homeland. The young girls soon became fascinated with these stories of trick... Free Essays on Salem Witchcraft Trials Free Essays on Salem Witchcraft Trials â€Å"There is more to be said then hath been for the clearing up of difficulties about the matter of witchcraft† (Sutler 23). The Salem witchcraft trials were one of the last outbreaks of witchcraft hysteria, certainly the largest in the new world, occurred from 1692-1693. 141 people were arrested as suspects and 20 were hung or pressed to death. This was a morbid fact about the founding of the first colonies and the beginning of America. But it happened and the damage was done, thus we cannot try to ignore it and we cannot try to glamorize the subject. We can only present facts and draw our own conclusions. One often states that if he or she was alive at the time then things would have been handled differently, but these are the ones that speak out of order and are the same ones that are oblivious to the facts and the harsh reality of the events that occurred. When a community looks only for evidence of guilt and ignores or suppresses all contradictory evidence, the results are a witch-hunt. And a witch-hunt was developing in Salem as the community felt itself so beset by evil that it was no longer capable of perceiving the good. Although numerous witch craft accusations had occurred in New England prior to 1692 several factors made this outbreak so profound; as Indian attacked the colonists feared for their life, there were deadly cold winters, and there was a small pox epidemic that had been circulating for over a decade. So many of the colonists were wary and growing superstitious about their god abandoning them. â€Å"In some ways Reverend Parris began the witch craft hysteria. Before becoming a minister Parris vacationed to Barbados and returned home with two slaves named John and Tituba Indian† (Guily 293). Tituba cared for Parris’s eleven and nine year old girls. When there was bad weather Tituba would enthrall the girls with tales of voodoo from her homeland. The young girls soon became fascinated with these stories of trick...

The evolution of the central processing unit Research Paper

The evolution of the central processing unit - Research Paper Example In addition, the largest challenge with this type of central processing unit in the fact that it had to be programmed, in which case programming meant rewiring its circuitry to run designated tasks due to the lack of dynamism in automation. As such, all manners of programming done to the CPU were done manually through wiring and rewiring to suit the computational demands of each task. This took plenty of time to do thus was very challenging as was the case of the Harvard Mark 1 and EDVAC, which were amongst the earliest computers that used the custom made processors to execute programs. This can effectively be termed as the first wave of the first generation of processors as it marked a new wave in computing. Therefore, this is where the processors ran at a low clock rate of roughly 100 kHz to 4mhz. the low speeds of the clock rate were largely due to the speed of switching devices and circuitry, which were largely relays and vacuum tubes. Next in line was the transistor and integrat ed circuit CPUs, which was an upgrade to smaller electronic devices that had a higher level of reliability due to the use of transistors. It is these transistors that saw the CPUs of the 1950s and 1960s shrink in size due to the exclusion of electric relays and vacuum tubes, and instead the entire CPU was mounted on one or several printed circuit boards and each had individual components. These usually consisted of tens to a few hundred transistors and for a single to be built all these had to be soldered onto the earlier mentioned printed circuit boards. This is because of the numerous transistors required, there was need to have multiple boards and these needed to be interconnected in a chassis to create a complete central processing unit. In this case, each board consisting of soldered in transistors was known as a die or a chip, and it is only unspecialized digital circuits that were miniaturized into integrated circuits. Miniaturization into transistor integrated circuits were a large step since these did not need rewiring to conduct different due to their non-specialized nature. This phase of the evolution of central processing units was characterized by low power input due to advancement in microelectronic technology and the number of individual transistors required in making a single CPU reduced significantly. Furthermore, in the 1960s, IBM introduced a new standard of architecture and this saw the introduction of CPUs that could run similar tasks and programs at different speeds and performance levels. This marked the first processor that could show a variation in performance and speed as most processors and computers were incompatible with one another to extent that even those that were created by the same manufacturer were completely incompatible. IBM’s system/360 was the name of this architecture and it made use of micro programs that are also known as micro-code and these are still used inn modern CPUs (DejaVu Design, n.d). The reliability of these transistor-based central processing units was based on the lower switching times, which enhanced their speeds as compared to the time taken I the case of electric relays and tubes. The clock speed of these transistor based CPUs marked a new record in that they were double and triple in the dozens of first generation of specialized CPUs. It is after different companies created

HIMSS Virtual Conference Reaction Paper-due november 16th Essay - 1

HIMSS Virtual Conference Reaction Paper-due november 16th - Essay Example The HIMSS Virtual Conference and Expo held in 3-4th November, 2010 focused on the various aspects and opportunities for attaining a meaningful use of health IT in various healthcare settings for the improvement of health and healthcare. The event was highly interactive and educative because of the live chats, real-time participant movement, contests and vendor presentations. The conference brought together leading industry vendors and influential decision-makers. It allowed the participants to interact with qualified executives and share industry knowledge, get extensive brand exposure and generate qualified sales. The HIMSS Virtual Conference and Expo held in June 8th and 9th 2011 focused on various models and methods that are used in different care settings like the health information exchanges, hospitals, clinical practices among others to transform healthcare. This conference was a transformational approach to healthcare. The importance of health IT was one important thing that was spoken of. Dr. Carol Steltankamp, Chief Medical Information Officer, UK HealthCare explained that a revolution in healthcare today focuses on increasing quality and efficiencies, enhancing revenue and preventing errors by leveraging health IT (HIMSS virtual conference and expo June 8-9th, 2011, 9:00-10:00 AM CT session). The conference was fully interactive because of the live chats, online learning, education sessions and industry solutions seminars. Participants were given a chance to interact with the speakers after presentations, chat with the attendees in the networking lounge and discuss the even on discuss the event on facebook and twitter. The conference was fun as it provided a chance for reconnecting with colleagues and make new meaningful connections. The HIMSS Virtual Conference which took place on 2nd-3rd November, 2011 was a continuing education conference.